# Protocol Buffer Extras

## Motivation

Protocol buffers are used extensively throughout Chromium for data serialization. To keep Chromium's binary size as small as possible, most protobufs are compiled with the `LITE_RUNTIME` option. This uses the `google::protobuf::MessageLite` interface, which is significantly smaller than the full `google::protobuf::Message` interface because it strips out reflection and other descriptors.

While `LITE_RUNTIME` is great for performance and size, the lack of reflection makes implementing otherwise trivial functionality difficult and tedious. This includes:
*   Debug serialization (e.g., printing a message to a log).
*   Equality comparison.

Historically, this has led to developers writing boilerplate, error-prone, hand-written code to perform these actions. For example, equality was often implemented by comparing the results of `SerializeAsString()`, which can produce false negatives for messages containing map fields (as map field ordering is not guaranteed). This manual approach is a maintenance burden, as the serialization or equality logic can easily become outdated when the proto definition changes.

The `proto_extras` library was created to solve these problems. It is a code generator that automatically creates this missing functionality for `MessageLite` protos, providing robust, efficient, and easy-to-maintain helpers for serialization and testing.

## Features

- Serialization of a proto message to `base::DictValue`
- `operator<<` stream support for printing a proto message.
- `operator==` and `operator!=` equality support for proto messages.
- `gmock` matchers for testing proto messages.

## Usage

### `proto_extras`

The `proto_extras` template is used to generate the serialization, stream
operator, and equality support. It is used in a `BUILD.gn` file as follows:

```gn
import("//components/proto_extras/proto_extras.gni")

proto_extras("my_proto_extras") {
  sources = [ "my_proto.proto" ]
  deps = [ ":my_proto_cc_proto" ] # Must be a proto_library
}
```

By default, all functionality is generated. To disable functionality, the
following properties can be set:

- `omit_to_value_serialization`: Disables serialization to `base::DictValue`.
- `omit_stream_operators`: Disables `operator<<` stream support.
- `omit_equality`: Disables `operator==` and `operator!=` equality support.

The generated files can be included in C++ as follows:

- Serialization: `#include "path/to/my_proto.to_value.h"`
- Stream operator: `#include "path/to/my_proto.ostream.h"`
- Equality: `#include "path/to/my_proto.equal.h"`

### `proto_test_extras`

The `proto_test_extras` template is used to generate gmock matchers for proto
messages. It is used in a `BUILD.gn` file as follows:

```gn
import("//components/proto_extras/proto_extras.gni")

proto_test_extras("my_proto_test_extras") {
  testonly = true
  sources = [ "my_proto.proto" ]
  deps = [ ":my_proto_cc_proto" ] # Must be a proto_library
  extras_deps = [ ":my_proto_extras" ]
}
```

This will generate a `<name>.test.h` file that can be included in test files.

## Generated Code Examples

### `base::DictValue` Serialization

Given the following proto:

```protobuf
message TestMessage {
  optional string name = 1;
  optional int32 id = 2;
}
```

The generated `to_value.h` header will contain:

```cpp
// Generated by the proto_extras plugin. DO NOT EDIT!
// source: test.proto

#ifndef TEST_TO_VALUE_H_
#define TEST_TO_VALUE_H_

#include <optional>
#include <string_view>

namespace base {
class DictValue;
}  // namespace base

namespace my_package::proto {
class TestMessage;
}  // namespace my_package::proto

namespace my_package::proto {
base::DictValue Serialize(const TestMessage& message);
void MaybeSerialize(const std::optional<TestMessage>& opt_message,
                    std::string_view output_dictionary_field_name,
                    base::DictValue& output_dictionary);
}  // namespace my_package::proto

#endif  // TEST_TO_VALUE_H_
```

And can be used as follows:

```cpp
#include "path/to/test.to_value.h"

my_package::proto::TestMessage message;
message.set_name("test");
message.set_id(123);

// The `Serialize` function is in the same namespace as the message.
base::DictValue dict = my_package::proto::Serialize(message);
// dict is now: {"name": "test", "id": 123}
```

The serialization handles all field types, including repeated fields, maps, and
oneofs.

### Stream Operator

The generated `ostream.h` header will contain:

```cpp
// Generated by the proto_extras plugin. DO NOT EDIT!
// source: test.proto

#ifndef TEST_OSTREAM_H_
#define TEST_OSTREAM_H_

#include <iosfwd>

namespace my_package::proto {
class TestMessage;
}  // namespace my_package::proto

namespace my_package::proto {
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const TestMessage& message);
}  // namespace my_package::proto

#endif  // TEST_OSTREAM_H_
```

And can be used as follows:

```cpp
#include "path/to/test.ostream.h"

my_package::proto::TestMessage message;
message.set_name("test");
message.set_id(123);

// The stream operator is in the same namespace as the message.
std::cout << message;
// This will print the same JSON representation as `base::DictValue`
```

### Equality Operator

The generated `equal.h` header will contain:
```cpp
// Generated by the proto_extras plugin. DO NOT EDIT!
// source: test.proto

#ifndef TEST_EQUAL_H_
#define TEST_EQUAL_H_

namespace my_package::proto {
class TestMessage;
}  // namespace my_package::proto

namespace my_package::proto {
bool operator==(const TestMessage& lhs, const TestMessage& rhs);
}  // namespace my_package::proto

#endif  // TEST_EQUAL_H_
```

This can be used to compare two proto messages for equality. The generated
`operator==` handles all field types, including oneofs and maps, and recursively
calls `operator==` for nested messages.

### Gmock Matchers

The generated `test.h` header will contain a matcher called `Equals<MessageName>`
for each message. For the `TestMessage` proto, the matcher is `EqualsTestMessage`.

Example usage:

```cpp
#include "path/to/test.test.h"
#include "testing/gmock/include/gmock/gmock.h"

using ::testing::Not;

TEST(MyTest, Test) {
  my_package::proto::TestMessage message1;
  message1.set_name("test");
  message1.set_id(123);

  my_package::proto::TestMessage message2;
  message2.set_name("test");
  message2.set_id(123);

  my_package::proto::TestMessage message3;
  message3.set_name("different");
  message3.set_id(456);

  // The matcher is in the same namespace as the message.
  EXPECT_THAT(message1, my_package::proto::EqualsTestMessage(message2));
  EXPECT_THAT(message1, Not(my_package::proto::EqualsTestMessage(message3)));
}
```

The generated `.test.h` file also contains a `PrintTo` implementation for each
message, which allows gtest to pretty-print the message on test failures.
The matcher handles all field types, including repeated fields, maps, and
oneofs.

## AI Agent Guide

This section contains information for AI agents that are tasked with working on
the `proto_extras` library.

### Code Generation

The `proto_extras` library uses two main files for code generation:

- **`proto_extras_plugin.cc`**: This file is responsible for generating the
  `to_value`, `ostream`, and `equal` files. It is a protobuf compiler plugin
  that is invoked by the `proto_library` GN template.
- **`proto_test_extras_plugin.cc`**: This file is responsible for generating the
  `.test.h` and `.test.cc` files, which contain gmock matchers and `PrintTo`
  implementations. It is also a protobuf compiler plugin.

### Support Library

The generated code relies on a support library for common functionality:

- **`proto_extras_lib.h`**: This file contains common helper functions used by
  the generated code, such as `ToNumericTypeForValue` for converting between
  numeric types and `SerializeUnknownFields` for serializing unknown fields in
  `MessageLite` protos.
- **`proto_matchers.h`**: This file contains helper `gmock` matchers that are
  used by the generated test code.

### Modifying the Library

When tasked with modifying the `proto_extras` library, it is important to
understand which file is responsible for the desired functionality.

- For changes to the `base::DictValue` serialization, stream operator, or
  equality operators, the relevant file is `proto_extras_plugin.cc`.
- For changes to the `gmock` matchers, the relevant files are
  `proto_test_extras_plugin.cc` and `proto_matchers.h`.
- For changes to the helper functions used by the generated code, the relevant
  file is `proto_extras_lib.h`.

When adding new functionality, it is recommended to follow the existing pattern
of creating a new generation function in the appropriate plugin file and adding
a new command-line option to enable it.